The last episode in Season 3 of the wonderful IAST Podcast series Crossing Channels is now available here, in which I take part with the excellent Diane Coyle and Ruth Mace. It’s hosted by the incomparable Rory Cellan-Jones in his farewell appearance.
Watch this space for an announcement about my book project with Guido Friebel, provisionally entitled Alternatives to Assassination: How to persuade elderly leaders to concede power gracefully.
The Divine Economy has been selected by Martin Wolf of the Financial Times as one of the best summer books of 2024 (Economics). When I asked Dalle to provide an accompanying image, this is what resulted (after a few adjustments….).
I gave the Score Strand III Lecture at the University of Cambridge on 17th November 2024, and have given book talks at the University of California at Berkeley, Chapman University and the University of Texas at Austin.
“[A]n insightful and enjoyable read. [Seabright’s] platform view makes for a fresh look at religious organizations. I suspect that all scholars of religion economics will find the book equally insightful. For those less familiar with the economics of religion, the book is also an easy-to-read launchpad to the field. . . it will enthuse broad-minded social scientists as well. Finally, since the book addresses ‘big questions’ in an accessible and engaging style, it will also be of interest to nonspecialists.”
2) In The Economist – “God™: an ageing product outperforms expectations”:
“The Divine Economy looks at how religions attract followers, money and power and argues that they are businesses—and should be analysed as such.
Professor Seabright calls religions “platforms”, businesses that “facilitate relationships”. (Other economists refer to religions as “clubs” or “glue”.) He then takes a quick canter through the history, sociology and economics of religions to illustrate this. The best parts of this book deal with economics, which the general reader will find enlightening.”
3) By Jane Shaw, in The Financial Times – “Is religion just like business?”:
“A wide-ranging book, full of fascinating examples from the world’s many religions…Using his economist’s tools to analyse the lasting power of the world’s religions, Seabright has produced an engaging and insightful book, which I found myself pondering long after I had read the last page. Religion is a powerful force in many parts of the world. The religions that continue to be successful in a rapidly changing environment, he concludes, keep evolving to remain so.”
“Seabright has a great talent for addressing original questions. In this book, he reverses the familiar trope that religion is the antithesis of mere economics. On the contrary, he argues, religions are competing businesses: they attract people by providing services they value, from the mundane — a community in which to find a compatible mate — to the sublime — a sense of life’s meaning. Since these wants will not disappear, neither will religions. But, he concludes rather encouragingly, religions will fail if they choose to shackle themselves to tyrants. One hopes he is right.” See an associated DALLE image here.
“The Divine Economy is an ambitious work that attempts to think economically about something that so often seems beyond the grasp of the social sciences….As Seabright puts it, “Without economic resources behind them, the most beautifully crafted messages will struggle to gain a hearing in the cacophony of life.” It is rare and even refreshing to have a book about the rise of religion that concludes, in a sense, that it’s the economy, stupid…..If there were a world in which people cared only about calculating their economic self-interest, the power of religion would be significantly blunted. But the world does not quite work that way—and, if Seabright’s analysis is any indication, it won’t any time soon.”
6) With Stephen Scott in the Starling Compendium, pp. 409-414: “An Interview with Paul Seabright”, covers both The Divine Economy and The Company of Strangers.
“Combining tough-mindedness and cultural sensitivity, Paul Seabright may help to bring religion nearer to the mainstream of international political debate.”
There is a “tension between the narrow definition of religion and Seabright’s broader platform perspective. If religion were merely the belief in certain animal spirits, then at least in the United States we would be happy to rely on the First Amendment and a tolerant attitude of, “sure, whatever floats your boat.” But as platforms, religions have an impact on the economy, on politics, and on social relations in general. Friction would seem to be inevitable, and it becomes unclear how best to apply the First Amendment.”
“The Divine Economy draws from the insights of sociology, anthropology, psychology, political economy and philosophy to show the deep the effect of faith in everyday life and explains why religiosity has been dynamic rather than static, and creative in response to the challenges of modernity. It shows how the prediction that secularism would prevail in an age of science and reason has been proved wrong, precisely because religion provides people with meaning, purpose and community, which secularism alone often fails to deliver. For me, religion’s scope and challenge has been truly ambitious, and the book has risen to this through a structured organisation, beautiful narratives and accessible language, authoritative open-minded research, all compiled from decades of study of the economics of religion.”
“Paul Seabright, an economist at the Toulouse School of Economics, ambitiously applies not only economics but anthropology, history, philosophy, political science, psychology, science, and sociology, to understand how the world’s religions…attract and retain followers and thus money and power to sustain themselves over time. Furthermore, Seabright does so looking beyond the Abrahamic religions and all in 341 pages before landing at the statistical appendix, endnotes, bibliography, and index….Seabright is on to something when he says that secularism has not succeeded because religion provides people with meaning, purpose, and community that is not available elsewhere; even in our increasingly secular cultures, billions of people still claim (if not always practice) their faith, and examining why through an interdisciplinary lens and economic reasoning helps explain why.”
“The Divine Economy is an original and important contribution to the economics of religion. It is accessible and readable but there is also much for specialists and scholars to discuss and debate.”
12) By Helen Nicholls for the National Secular Society: “Paul Seabright’s economic perspective on religion provides useful insights into the power of religious institutions – and how religious privilege can be countered”:
“Religious privilege exists when religious beliefs and interests are treated as more important than secular ones. Discussion of religion often rests on the presumption that it is inherently special. Paul Seabright’s new book, The Divine Economy: How religions compete for wealth, power and people, offers a different approach to religion by viewing it through an economic lens…..The Divine Economy is refreshing in that it is neither pro nor anti religion. Seabright recognises that from an economic perspective, religions operate in a similar manner to other organisations and are as susceptible to corruption and abuse as other institutions. His answer is religious organisations should be just as accountable. He is clear that the relationship between religion and the state will always present challenges that we must be prepared to face head on for the benefit of religious and non-religious people alike.”
“Paul Seabright’s The Divine Economy explores how religions function like global businesses, competing for resources and adherents. The book examines how religious authority is gained and used, and the role of persuasion versus coercion. It highlights the corporatisation of religions and its implications, emphasising the religious platforms thrive better through persuasion rather than force.”
“The Divine Economy is a big book, both literally and figuratively. The text alone runs to about 130,000 words, followed by 88 pages of small-font endnotes and references. The title hints at the scale of the ambition: the book amounts to a sole-authored handbook of the scientific study of religion, starting with the question ‘What is religion?’ (Ch. 1) and continuing from there….Seabright has clearly read a tremendous amount, and the scope of the work is imposing. I doubt that anyone is fully competent to assess the whole book: I confess to having little expertise on many of the issues he covers. His writing is always interesting and often persuasive, but as I find the work superficial or mistaken on the topics I know about, my confidence is reduced in his conclusions more generally.”
“Seabright’s canvas of the global religious landscape is painted with subtlety; the breadth of his book is global and draws from various episodes of world history and economic thought, yet his arguments offer insights on America’s political and religious climate at this moment.”
“Not long ago, religion seemed to be in terminal decline. But, as Paul Seabright points out in his impressive new book, it is now going from strength to strength…Seabright has done something very unusual in The Divine Economy: he has found something new to say about religion”.
“Popularized by Austrian political economist Joseph Schumpeter in his 1942 book “Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy,” creative destruction is the natural tendency in capitalism to innovate as new, better ways replace outdated ways….Creative destruction applies to religion, too. Paul Seabright, in his 2024 book “Divine Economy,” narrates the disruption in Christianity brought about by the discovery of cheaper printing in the mid-fifteenth century. Before that, the lay faithful depended on the monks who translated scriptures written in Latin. When printing became cheaper, it became possible for the lay faithful in general to privately own copies of the Bible, especially in languages that they could understand. The new, more convenient way of experiencing the scripture creatively destroyed the outdated way.”
“The Divine Economy is honestly staggering in scope; I couldn’t do it justice in my brief Goodreads review, and I’m really just scratching the surface here! But I loved reading this book, and it’s excellent for people who love big, comprehensive, Theory of Everything reads. It’s also a book that respects rigor and respects its readers: whenever Seabright incorporates quantitative or qualitative research, he’s careful to note things like the strengths/weakness of different types of data; or competing theories of certain phenomena, and why Seabright favors one over the others.”
“There are not many books which get a review in both The Church Times and The Financial Times, but The Divine Economy: How Religions Compete for Wealth, Power and People by Paul Seabright (Princeton University Press, 2024) achieved this unusual honour…..Perhaps the most penetrating insight of the book, at least to me, is that it looks on church organisations as ‘platforms’ rather than as organisations…It occurred to me, as I read Seabright, that Mr Wesley was ahead of his time in creating a connexional ‘platform’ which was more about relationships, with travelling preachers and class leaders, rather than an organisation. A platform facilitates relationships into which people can opt in or out as they wish or as they feel the need.”
“Seabright’s framework helps us see that religious behavior is not solely about belief but also about organizational incentives and social positioning….Seabright’s economic lens reveals that religious divisions often reflect deeper structural and organizational dynamics rather than just doctrinal differences.”
22) By Peter Passell in The Milken Institute Review (accompanying an extended extract from the Introduction):
“Seabright is not the first heavyweight economist to write about religion. The list begins with Adam Smith and includes two contemporaries of Seabright, Harvard’s Robert Barro and Ben Friedman. But he does have a unique story to tell in analyzing religions as “platform” businesses – competing organizations that succeed or fail by many of the criteria that determine the fate of organizations ranging from the owners of computer operating systems like Windows to online dating services. And did I mention that Seabright writes really, really well?”
1) By Jean Duchesne in Aleteia – “En quoi la foi n’est pas étrangère aux réalités économiques”. Not so much a review as a short overview of different approaches to the use of economics to study religion.
3) By Bertrand Jacquillat in l’Opinion: “Plateformes numériques et religions: rivalités et concurrence”:
“Il peut paraître iconoclaste de soumettre l’espace religieux à l’analyse économique. Les religions pourtant s’y prêtent, du fait qu’elles partagent certaines des caractéristiques des organisations séculaires, et bénéficient d’une puissance financière indéniable”.
“Dans le prolongement d’un Adam Smith, qui s’intéressait à la compétition des religions et à leurs relations avec l’univers politique, et à partir d’un vaste ensemble de travaux académiques, il publie un livre passionnant…Seabright réussit l’exploit, sur un sujet aussi dense, de produire un panorama, en bien des points, captivant…Cet ouvrage original et percutant, d’économie mais aussi de sociologie, mérite d’être traduit.”
“Zwischen 1850 und 1950 erlebte der deutsche Katholizismus eine seiner größten Blüten in der Kirchengeschichte. Zufall? Nein, so lese ich es in einem faszinierenden Buch des britischen Ökonomen Paul Seabright, der an der Universität Toulouse lehrt. „The Divine Economy“ heißt das Buch. Die These: Religionen sind nicht totzukriegen. Der Forscher schreibt sine ira et studio; er argumentiert weder als Religionskritiker noch als Anwalt der Kirchen, sondern strikt als Wirtschaftswissenschaftler…..Da geht es den hiesigen Kirchen nicht anders als dem von Uber attackierten Taxigewerbe. Mehr und nicht weniger Wettbewerb, eine radikale Trennung vom Staatskirchenrecht, wäre die Empfehlung des Ökonomen für die Rückgewinnung von kirchlicher Innovation. Wer glaubt, dass es so kommt, wird selig.”
“Wat maakt religie zo krachtig in de levens van mensen? Is het de belofte van het eeuwige leven, of zit er óók economie in religie? De gelauwerde Britse econoom Paul Seabright bekijkt religie als een sociaal en economisch systeem dat mensen samenbrengt door de baten die het biedt.”
Other references in the print media:
1) Editorial in The Times of India: “Why Religion is Big Business: an economic lens might explain its fortunes”. Not so much a review as an editorial opinion piece that summarises (approvingly) the book’s main arguments:
“God’s work is worldly work, and religions are businesses like any other, argues The Divine Economy…”. Full editorial here.
2) By Andrew Brown in The Church Times – “Using economics to explain religion has limits”. So, apparently, does reviewing a review of the book instead of reviewing the book itself, since Brown apparently believes the author is one Paul Seagate…. My letter to the Church Times correcting the spelling is here.
“British academic Paul Seabright recently published an intriguing new book called The Divine Economy, which attempts to offer an economic analysis of religion. For admirers of belief, it includes the consoling premise that “religion is not in decline; it is, in many ways, more powerful than it has ever been”.
To prove the point, Seabright wanted to open with a vignette to capture the enduring appeal of religious faith. It was natural, arguably even inevitable, that he chose a setting in Africa – specifically, a Pentecostal megachurch in Accra, the capital city of Ghana, where his heroine, Grace, devotes a considerable portion of her meagre income to supporting the lavish lifestyle of Pastor William.”
“As Prof. Paul Seabright says in his extraordinary book The Divine Economy, the divine science (religion) has always had a large element of the dismal science (economics) mixed with it. It offers a product (salvation), has a network of providers (priests) and well established distribution channels. There are many ‘products’ in the market (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism etc) and they all compete with each other for market share.
It should not surprise anyone, therefore, that the corporatisation of Hinduism now has a righteous, if not liturgical, angle to it, to serve a political purpose. It has become a bustling share market where the common investor gets his returns in divine indulgence, and the new corporates get theirs in votes. And those who do not buy into this stock market are the new kafirs.
Nietzsche had famously said that God is dead. He was wrong- God has now been repositioned as a marketable product.”
Podcastsand radio interviews:
With Rory Cellan-Jones and Iza Hussin on Crossing Channels, the IAST podcast.
Inspired by this news story from London….Image created by OpenAI’s DALL·E.
“Steady on, Jeeves!” I exclaimed.
“Sir?” He was icily polite.
“Are you feeling quite yourself, Jeeves?” I asked, with what I hoped he would interpret as a tenderly solicitous air.
“Sir?” A little slower this time, with the tiniest hint of menace.
“I’m sorry, Jeeves, it must be me. I thought you were hallucinating. I should have known better.”
“Sir?” He sounded bewildered.
“Yes, Jeeves”, I said, relieved at last to have found an explanation. “I need one of your pick-me-ups. It was quite a night, last night. I’m the one who’s hallucinating, not you. Forget I mentioned it.”
“May I ask what your hallucination consisted in, sir?”
“Yes, of course. Quite absurd, really. I thought you said….”
“Sir?”
“You’ll think me ridiculous, I know. Rather embarrassing to admit, really. But I thought you said…”
“Yes, sir?”
“I thought you said….no, ha ha, I can barely utter it…I thought you said the Drones Club…”
“Sir?”
“I thought you said the Drones Club had voted to admit lady members.”
There was an awkward silence. I wished the ground would open and swallow me up.
I began to stutter. “Er, er…absurd of course..”
“No sir”, said Jeeves – even more icily, if that were possible. Who’s the chap, Beer or Lear or someone, who goes out on the icy heath? I know how the fellow felt.
“I told you I was hallucinating”.
“It was the Garrick Club, sir.”
I reached out to steady myself against the wall.
“There it goes again, Jeeves. I’m still hallucinating. Get me that pick-me-up, quickly, please.”
“As you wish, sir.”
“It’s getting worse, Jeeves. This time I thought you said it was the Garrick.”
“It was, sir.”
It was with a surprising degree of calm that, some minutes later, I noted a gradual slowing-down of the stars that had begun to spin around me upon hearing Jeeves’s words. The pick-me-up he had pressed to my lips had something to do with it, no doubt. I had sunk back onto the chaise-longue. Eventually the blur in the drawing-room around me began to clear.
“I say, Jeeves!”
“Yes, sir?”
“What is it those classical chaps are always saying? O tempora…?”
“O mores, sir.”
“That’s it, Jeeves! If even the Garrick….I mean, if even the Garrick, well we’re sunk, aren’t we?”
“Indeed, sir”.
“I mean dash it, Jeeves. Where’s a fellow to go to escape the….”
“Yes, sir?”
“The, the, what’s the word I want? Something beginning with E”.
“Entanglements, sir?”
“That’s the word I want. The entanglements of the fair sex. I mean to say, if the fair sex are to be found skulking even in the Garrick, there’ll be nowhere to hide!”
“Precisely, sir”.
“Entanglements everywhere!”
“Indeed, sir.”
There was another silence. I tried to look philosophical, but I fear that my eyes were swivelling. Like that patient old Pop Glossop described to me once, a most enlightening conversation until it dawned on me that he was comparing the patient’s state of mind favourably with that of yours truly.
Jeeves coughed, discreetly. I recognized the signs.
“What is it, Jeeves? I can tell you’re hatching something. You look like a gull sitting on an egg.”
From the tiniest flicker of an eyebrow, I could tell that Jeeves was deeply wounded. But he is made of sterner stuff, and the moment passed.
“I fear, sir, the days are gone when one could escape entanglements at the Garrick, even without the presence of lady members.”
“I say, Jeeves, you don’t mean….?”
“Precisely, sir”.
“What’s that thing about bread, you know, the loaf that durst not something-or-other…?”
“The love that durst not speak its name, sir”.
“That’s it, Jeeves. I say, we’re really torpedoed below the waterline now, aren’t we? Though, come to think of it, that’s not the metaphor…”
“I would not venture to describe the situation in quite such apocalyptic terms, sir.”
“Oh you bally well wouldn’t, would you? What makes you so jolly confident, may I ask?”
Jeeves coughed again. I have learned to pay special attention when he does that.
“If I may make so bold, sir…”
“Yes, Jeeves?”
“I have in recent weeks become engaged, sir, in what, were I of the apocalyptic turn of mind that your lordship so recently expressed, I might have described as just such an ‘entanglement’, but which I would now rather express as a most happy state of circumstances, sir.”
I tried to parse that one. Jeeves’s pick-me-up wasn’t helping.
“I say, Jeeves, you don’t mean…?”
“I do, sir”.
I paused. And then, because pausing seemed to be doing me some good, I paused again.
I examined the situation from every angle.
“Well, Jeeves, I must say, I hope you’ll both be very happy….”
“Thank you, sir”.
“And, for the avoidance of all confusion, am I to understand that the fairer sex are in no way involved in this, er, entanglement?”
“I think it unfortunate, sir, that in answering in the affirmative I might be thought to doubt the fairness of the gentleman in question”.
“I see, Jeeves.”
“Thank you, sir.”
It was a wiser, but not after all a sadder Bertram who sidled into the bar at the Drones that evening. I had done a lot of what I believe is called thinking. Not much of it in the Drones, I grant you. But I sensed that changes were in the air.
“I say, Pongo!” I exclaimed, spying him deep in thought over a brandy-and-soda in a corner Chesterfield. “I’ve got a rather strange question for you!”
Pongo turned a jaundiced air on Bertram, as if to wonder morosely when my questions had ever been less than strange.
I coughed slightly, before proceeding. I’ve noticed Jeeves does that sometimes, and it gives what he says a certain something. What’s that word beginning with G?
I couldn’t find the G-word, but I found another in its place.
“I say Pongo, you don’t know anyone who might be willing to put me up for the Garrick, do you?”
From Pongo’s startled look I understood that I was going to have to explain it all to him from the beginning.
First, links to some short (one-paragraph) unpublished reviews of books I enjoyed and would recommend to at least some readers (I include here only books that stand out from the majority I read). There are only a few of these now (May 2025), but I will update them regularly as I read more.
“Please sir, can I have quite a lot more?”, a review of Sebastian Mallaby: The Power Law: venture capital and the art of disruption, The Times Literary Supplement, 18th February 2022.
The Cinemagraph is a technique pioneered by Jamie Beck and Kevin Burg, which uses the old animated .gif format to stunning effect (see www.cinemagraphs.com). The result is still photos imbued with subtle motion.
Compare the still picture above to the cinemagraph below, made by Stéphanie Renard and Alice Seabright.
Here is a sample of some of my favourite cinemagraphs.
Gauri Gill has won the 2011 Grange Prize for contemporary photography. She was born in Chandigarh, India in 1970. She received BFAs at the Delhi College of Art, New Delhi (1992) and at the Parsons School of Design, New York (1994); and an MFA in Art at Stanford University, California (2002). Her work has been exhibited widely in India and across the world. She lives in Delhi.
Alexey Titarenko received his Master of Fine Arts degree from the Department of Cinematic and Photographic Art at Leningrad’s Institute of Culture in 1983. He began taking photographs at the beginning of the 1970s, and in 1978 became a member of the well-known Leningrad photographic club Zerkalo, where he had his first solo exhibition (1978).
Since this was creative activity that had no connection with the official Soviet propaganda, the opportunity to declare himself publicly as an artist came only at the peak of Perestroika in 1989 with his “Nomenclature of Signs” exhibition and the creation of Ligovka 99, a photographers’ exhibition space that was independent of the Communist ideology.
Titarenko has received numerous awards from institutions such as the Musee de l’Elysee in Lausanne, Switzerland; the Soros Center for Contemporary Art in St. Petersburg; and the Mosaique program of the Luxemburg National Audiovisual Centre. He has participated in many international festivals, biennales, and projects and has had more than 30 personal exhibitions, both in Europe and the United States.
Thanks to Alexey for permission to use his photograph “City of Shadows: St. Petersburg 1990s” in my chapter “Darwin and Human Society” in the book Darwin.
I visited Easter Island in December 2010. Together with Miguel Fuentes, Ricardo Guzman and Carlos Rodriguez-Sickert I am currently working on a paper about the history of its moai, the monumental stone figures built during the centuries between the first settlement of the island by Polynesians sometime between 800 and 1200 CE and the outbreak of serious warfare in the 17th century. Here is Unesco World Heritage Sites Rapa Nui page. The photographs on this page were taken by me during my trip in 2010.